Temporal feedback perturbation (TFP) studies show that speakers can learn compensatory responses when the timing of the perturbation is predictable, and that phonological factors such as stress and segment identity can modulate the response. This study investigates whether similar response patterns occur when the timing of TFP relative to an utterance cannot be anticipated.

We applied subtle TFPs at random times within a phrase “I saw papa yesterday”, where “papa” was pronounced with either a strong-weak or weak-strong stress pattern. Seventeen native English speakers produced 280 utterances each, with perturbations occurring in 80% of trials. Each perturbation lasted 198 ms, with the first half slowed (rate = 0.56) and the second half sped up (rate = 5), consistent with previous studies. The paradigm is illustrated in the figure. Crucially, unlike standard TFP, the timing of the perturbation was distributed randomly and approximately uniformly across the entire utterance, rather than targeting a specific segmental event.

These findings suggest that the speech motor control feedback system responds to TFP differently when perturbations are unpredictable, and yet is influenced by similar phonological factors.